Branches of Biology
What is Biology?
A) Derives from classical compound inspired by the Ancient Greek words of βίος; romanized bíos meaning "life" and the suffix -λογία; romanized logía (-logy) meaning "study of".
B) studies life and living organisms, including:
1. The physical structure, cellular organisation, function
of living things, chemical processes, molecular interactions, physiological
mechanisms, ...
2. The life processes of living things such as respiration,
growth, development, reproduction......
3. The characteristics of different groups categories of
living things
4. The plant and animal life of a specific area of region
5. The interaction of living things with one another and
with them
C) the most important five unifying principles or the fundamental
axioms of modern biology are:
1. Cell theory: Cells are the basic unit of life
2. Evolution: New species and inherited traits are the
product of evolution
3. Genetics: Genes are the basic unit of heredity
4. Homeostasis: An organism will regulate its internal
environment to maintain a stable and constant condition
5. Energy：Living organisms consume and transform energy.
D) Importance of Biology:
1. Understanding the changes of the human bodies
2. Leading to the answers of life’s fundamental questions
such as: What is life? What is the organism made up of? Where do humans come
from? ......
3. Offering solutions to Large-scale Problems for example:
food shortages, environmental pollution, healthy biosphere, ......
4. Finding cure for diseases
5. Shaping the different professional careers
6. paving the way for humans to conduct scientific
investigations
什么是生物学？
A) 生物学（Biology）来源于希腊文的古典复合词βίος，罗马书写为Bios，意为生命，以及字尾-λογία，罗马书写为-logia，意为研究...的学问，合并为“研究生命的学问”
B）研究生命和生物，包括：
1.物理结构，细胞组织，生物功能，化学过程，分子相互作用，生理机制，...
2.生物的生命过程，如呼吸，生长，发育，繁殖……
3.不同类别的生物的特征
4.特定区域的动植物生活
5.生物彼此之间以及与生物之间的相互作用
C）现代生物学五项最重要的统一原则或基本公理：
1.细胞理论：细胞是生命的基本单位
2.进化：新物种和遗传特性是进化的产物
3.遗传学：基因是遗传的基本单位
4.体内平衡：生物体将调节其内部环境以维持稳定和恒定的状态
5.能量：生命有机体消耗并转化能量。
D）生物学的重要性：
1.了解人体的变化
2.引导人们回答人生的基本问题，例如：人生是什么？ 生命体是由什么组成的？ 人类来自哪里？ ......
3.提供解决大规模问题的解决方案，例如：食品储备，环境污染，健康的生物圈，......
4.寻找疾病的治疗方法
5.塑造不同的职业
6.为人类进行科学研究铺平道路
Branches of Biology:
Biology
A)
Modern
Biology
a)
Cytology
the
study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical
interactions that occur within a living cell.
b)
Biochemistry
the
study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function,
usually a focus on the cellular level
c)
Molecular biology
the
study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level, some cross
over with biochemistry
d)
Structural biology
a
branch of molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics concerned with the
molecular structure of biological macromolecules
e)
Biophysics
the
study of biological processes by applying the theories and methods
traditionally employed in the physical sciences
f)
Quantum biology
the
study of the role of quantum phenomena in biological processes
g)
......
B)
Change & Development
a)
Embryology
the
study of the development of embryo (from fecundation to birth).
b)
Genetic
the
study of the genes, heredity, and variation of organisms.
c)
Evolutionary biology
the
study of the evolutionary processes (natural selection, common descent,
speciation) that produced the diversity of life on Earth.
d)
Developmental biology
the
study of the processes through which an organism forms, from zygote to full
structure
e)
Biomathematics
the
study of biological systems becomes more quantitative, the part that
mathematical analysis plays increases.
f)
Bioinformatics
the
application of computational tools to organize, analyze, understand, visualize
and store information associated with biological macromolecules, combines
mathematics, information science, and biology and helps answer biological
questions.
g)
......
C)
Organisms
a)
Anatomy
the
study of form in animals, plants and other organisms, or specifically in
humans. Simply, the study of internal structure of living organisms.
b)
Biomechanics
the
study of the structure, function and motion of the mechanical aspects of
biological systems, at any level from whole organisms to organs, cells and cell
organelles, using the methods of mechanics.
c)
Physiology
the
study of the internal workings of organisms, the science of the function of
living systems.
d)
Morphology
the
study of the size, shape, and structure of animals, plants, and microorganisms
and of the relationships of their constituent parts.
e)
Histology
the
study of the microanatomy of cells, tissues, and organs as seen through a
microscope. It examines the correlation between structure and function.
f)
Immunology
the
study of the immune system of higher organisms in relation to disease.
Specifically, immunology can be defined as the branch of biology that is
concerned with the structure and function of the immune system, the bodily
distinction of self from non-self, and the use of antibody-based laboratory
techniques or immunoassays.
g)
......
D)
Group
& Environment
a)
Palaeontology
the
study of prehistoric species, mostly ones that are extinct. It focuses
primarily on fossil data, using a variety of physical, chemical and biological
techniques to analyse them.
b)
Taxonomy
the
science of naming, defining and classifying organisms into evolutionarily
related groups.
c)
Zoology
the
study of the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution,
classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and
extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems.
d)
Botany
the
study of plants. "Plants," to most people, means a wide range of
living organisms from the smallest bacteria to the largest living things - the
giant sequoia trees. By this definition plants include algae, fungi, lichens,
mosses, ferns, conifers and flowering plants.
e)
Microbiology
the
study of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi and
protozoa.
f)
Marine
biology
the
study of marine organisms, their behaviors and interactions with the
environment.
g)
Ecology
the
study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and
their physical environment; it seeks to understand the vital connections
between plants and animals and the world around them.
h)
Ethology
the
study of animal behavior with emphasis on the behavioral patterns that occur in
natural environments.
i)
Environmental
biology
the
study of the habitats, evolution and adaptations of living organisms.
j)
Biogeography
the
study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and
through geological time.
k)
Astrobiology
the
study of the origins, evolution, distribution, and future of life in the
universe.
l)
......
E) Applied Biology
a) Biotechnology
the application of biological organisms, systems, or processes by various industries to learning about the science of life and the improvement of the value of materials and organisms such as pharmaceuticals, crops, and livestock.
· Bioengineering
the
study of applied engineering practices in general biology.
· Metabolic engineering
purposeful
modification of cellular networks including metabolic, gene regulatory, and
signaling networks to achieve desirable goals such as enhanced production of
metabolites including pharmaceuticals, biofuels and biochemicals and other
biotechnology products.
· Synthetic biology
the
design and construction of new biological parts, devices, and systems, and the
re-design of existing, natural biological systems for useful purposes.
· Nanobiotechnology
introduces
special physicochemical and biological properties of nanostructures and their
applications in various areas such as medicine and agriculture.
· Biocomputer
use
biologically derived materials to perform computational functions.
· Biorobotics
an
interdisciplinary science that combines the fields of biomedical engineering,
cybernetics, and robotics to develop new technologies that integrate biology
with mechanical systems to develop more efficient communication, alter genetic
information, and create machines that imitate biological systems.
· Biosensors
an
analytical device, used for the detection of a chemical substance, that
combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector.
·
......
b) Medicine
the
field of health and healing. It includes nurses, doctors, and various
specialists. It covers diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease, medical
research, and many other aspects of health.
· Epidemiology
the
study and analysis of the distribution, patterns and determinants of health and
disease conditions in defined populations.
· pathology
the
study of the causes and effects of disease or injury. The word pathology also
refers to the study of disease in general, incorporating a wide range of
bioscience research fields and medical practices.
· Neuroscience
the
study of the nervous system. It combines physiology, anatomy, molecular
biology, developmental biology, cytology, mathematical modeling, and psychology
to understand the fundamental and emergent properties of neurons and neural
circuits.
· Pharmacology
the
study of how a drug affects a biological system and how the body responds to
the drug. The discipline encompasses the sources, chemical properties,
biological effects and therapeutic uses of drugs.
· Biomedical engineering
a
discipline in which the principles and tools of traditional engineering
disciplines are applied to the analysis and solution of problems in biology and
medicine.
· Radiobiology
a
field of clinical and basic medical sciences that involves the study of the
action of ionizing radiation on living things, especially health effects of
radiation.
· Nuclear medicine
the
field of medicine and medical imaging that uses radioactive isotopes in the
diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
·
......
c) Other field
· Agriculture
the
science and art of cultivating plants and livestock.
· veterinary
relating
to the medical and surgical treatment of animals, especially domesticated
animals.
· Fisheries
The
science of producing fish and other aquatic resources for the purpose of
providing human food, although other aims are possible (such as sport or
recreational fishing), or obtaining ornamental fish or fish products such as
fish oil. The activity of catching fish and other living organisms from the
wild aiming to be consumed as seafood.
· Forestry
the
science and craft of creating, managing, using, conserving, and repairing
forests, woodlands, and associated resources for human and environmental
benefits.
· Dentistry
a
branch of medicine that consists of the study, diagnosis, prevention, and
treatment of diseases, disorders, and conditions of the oral cavity, commonly
in the dentition but also the oral mucosa, and of adjacent and related
structures and tissues, particularly in the maxillofacial (jaw and facial)
area.
·
......
生物学分支：
生物学：
A）现代生物学
a）细胞学
研究细胞作为一个完整的单元，以及在活细胞内发生的分子和化学相互作用。
b）生物化学
研究生命存在和起作用所需的化学反应，通常聚焦在细胞方面
c）分子生物学
在分子层面上进行生物学和生物功能的研究，其中一些与生物化学交叉
d）结构生物学
分子生物学，生物化学和生物物理学的一个分支，涉及生物大分子的分子结构
e）生物物理学
通过应用物理学中传统上使用的理论和方法来研究生物过程
f）量子生物学
在生物过程中量子现象的角色研究
G）......
B）改变与发展
a）胚胎学
胚胎发育（从受精到出生）的研究。
b）遗传
对生物的基因，遗传和变异的研究。
c）演化生物学
对导致地球生命多样化的进化过程（自然选择，共同后裔，物种形成）的研究。
d）发育生物学
对生物从受精卵到完整结构形成过程的研究
e）生物数学
生物系统的研究变得更加量化，提高了数学分析所起的作用。
f）生物信息学
应用计算工具来组织，分析，理解，可视化和存储与生物大分子相关的信息，将数学，信息科学和生物学相结合，并帮助回答生物学问题。
G）......
C）生物体
a）解剖学
对动物，植物和其他生物特别是人类的研究。简单来说，就是研究生物的内部结构。
b）生物力学
使用力学方法研究生物系统机械方面的结构，功能和运动，从整个生物体到器官，细胞和细胞器的任何层面。
c）生理学
对生物体内部运作的研究，生命系统功能的科学。
d）形态生物形态学
对动物，植物和微生物的大小，形状和结构及其组成部分之间关系的研究。
e）组织学
通过显微镜观察细胞，组织和器官的微观解剖学。它检测结构和功能之间的相关性。
f）免疫学
与疾病有关的高等生物免疫系统的研究。具体而言，免疫学可以定义为生物学的分支，涉及免疫系统的结构和功能，自我与非我的身体区别以及基于抗体的实验室技术或免疫测定法的使用。
g）......
D）群体与环境
a）古生物学
对史前物种的研究，大多数是已灭绝的物种。它主要关注化石数据，使用各种物理，化学和生物技术对其进行分析。
b）分类学
对生物进行命名，定义和分类的科学。
c）动物学
对动物界的研究，包括所有动物的结构，胚胎学，进化，分类，习性和分布，包括生存和灭绝的动物，以及它们与生态系统的相互作用方式。
d）植物学
植物的研究。对大多数人来说，“植物”指的是各种各样的生物，从最小的细菌到最大的生物-红杉。根据这个定义，植物包括藻类，真菌，地衣，苔藓，蕨类，针叶树和开花植物。
e）微生物学
研究微观生物，例如细菌，病毒，古细菌，真菌和原生动物。
f）海洋生物学
研究海洋生物，他们的行为以及与环境的相互作用。
g）生态学
研究活生物体之间的关系，包括人类和他们的物理环境；它试图了解动植物与周围世界之间的重要联系。
h）伦理学
对动物行为的研究，重点是在自然环境中发生的行为模式。
i）环境生物学
研究活生物的栖息地，进化和适应。
j）生物地理学
研究物种和生态系统在地理空间和地质时期的分布。
k）天体生物学
研究宇宙生命的起源，演化，分布和未来。
l）......
E）应用生物学
a）生物技术学
各种行业对生物有机体，系统或过程的应用，以了解关于生命科学及其材料和生物价值的提高如药品，农作物和牲畜。
•生物工程
研究应用工程在一般生物学中的实践。
•代谢工程代谢工程
有目的地修改细胞网络包括代谢，基因调控和信号网络理性目标的实现，例如增强代谢产物的生产，包括药物，生物燃料和生物化学药品以及其他生物技术产品。
•合成生物学
设计和构造新的生物部件，设备和系统，和现有的重新设计，以天然生物系统的使用为目的
•纳米生物技术
介绍特殊的物理化学、纳米结构的生物特性和他们在不同领域的应用如医学和农业。
•生物计算机
使用生物衍生的材料来执行计算功能。
•Biorobotics生物机器人
跨学科的科学，结合了生物医学工程，控制论和机器人发展出的新技术，就是将动力系统生物整合到更有效的通信、改变遗传信息并创造出模仿生物系统的机器。
•生物传感器
一种分析装置，用于检测化学物质，将生物成分与物理化学检测器结合在一起。
•......
b）医学
健康和康复领域。 它包括护士，医生和各种专家。 它涵盖疾病的诊断，治疗和预防，医学研究以及健康的许多其他方面。
•流行病学
研究和分析特定人群中健康和疾病状况的分布，模式和决定因素。
•病理病理学
研究疾病或伤害的原因和影响。病理一词也指一般疾病的研究，并结合了广泛的生物科学研究领域和医学实践。
•Neuroscience神经科学
对神经系统的研究。它结合了生理学，解剖学，分子生物学，发育生物学，细胞学，数学建模和心理学，以了解神经元和神经回路的基本和紧急特性。
•药理学
研究药物如何影响生物系统以及人体对药物的反应。该学科涵盖药物的来源，化学性质，生物学作用和治疗用途。
•生物医学工程
该学科将传统工程学科的原理和工具应用于生物学和医学问题的分析和解决。
•放射生物学
临床和基础医学科学领域，涉及电离辐射对生物的作用，特别是辐射对健康的影响的研究。
•核医学
在疾病的诊断和治疗中使用放射性同位素的医学成像和医学领域。
•......
c）其他领域
•农业
栽培植物和养殖家畜的科学和艺术。
•兽医医学
关于动物，尤其是家养动物的医学和外科治疗。
•渔业水产
为了提供人类食品而生产鱼类和其他水生资源的科学，尽管可能还有其他目的（例如运动或休闲捕鱼），或获得观赏鱼或鱼类产品（例如鱼油）。捕捞野生鱼类和其他生物的活动，目的是作为海鲜消费。
•林业
创造，管理，使用，养护和修复森林，林地及相关资源，造福人类和环境的科学技术。
•牙科医生
医学的一个分支，由研究，诊断，预防和治疗口腔的疾病，病症和病状组成，通常在牙列，也包括口腔粘膜，以及邻近和相关的结构和组织，特别是在颌面部（下颌和面部）。
•......
There are about 300 branches of biology, and each branch includes at
least hundreds of research topics. If each research topic doesn't have a
certain number of researchers, is it possible to be achieved? These research
topics involved in relevant information, relevant facilities, relevant
institutions, and how many people are required to support them? If a little bit
of these research projects is converted into production factors of the
enterprise, how many jobs will be made? How many jobs does it drive around? In
addition to except the out-and-out scientific research spirit, it also requires
a continuous sense of innovation, which benefits from the independence of
personality and freedom of thought. The United States is far-sighted and open
to the country to recruit talents, attracting a large number of foreign
technician and professionals, and make full use of the technology, wisdom and
capital carried by these personnel to accelerate the development of the United
States economy and technology, so that the United States can keep on its
international leading position in the field of science and technology. This is
why Trump has confidence to pledge to create 10 million jobs in 10 months and
1 million small companies. Even if some companies are unwilling to return to
the United States, he can still support a number of new ventures through a series of
preferential policies and lead the trend of the whole
world. All of this is not Trump’s rhetorics, but a literally and completely
fulfillable campaign promise. At present, only the United States has the
conditions, capabilities and advantages to do all this.
在生物学里大概有300个学科分支，每个分支至少包括上百个研究课题，每个研究课题没有一定数量的科研人员，可能实现得了吗？这些研究课题涉及的相关资讯，相关设施、相关机构，又要有多少人员的支持？这些研究项目，只要有一小部分转换成企业的生产要素，这将带来多少个工作岗位？带动周边多少个工作？而这一切除了不折不扣的科研精神外，还需要有源源不断的创新意识，这得益于人格的独立和思想的自由。美国高瞻远瞩敞开国门广纳人才，吸引了众多的外籍科技和专业人士，并充分利用这些人员所携带的技术、智慧和资本加快了美国经济与科技的发展，从而使美国在科技领域始终保持在国际领先的地位。这也是川普连任施政纲要，10个月内创造出1000万个工作机会，100万个小型企业底气的由来，即使有些企业不愿回流美国，他一样可以通过一系列的优惠政策，扶持起新一批的新创企业，并引领整个世界的走向。这一切并不是川普的夸夸奇谈，而是实实在在的确的确完完全全可兑现的竞选承诺。而这一切目前只有美国有这个条件、能力和优势可以做到。
