Branches of Science
Science：
1、 From the Latin word scientia, meaning "knowledge"
2、 Systematic effort of acquiring knowledge: Through observation and experimentation coupled with logic and reasoning to builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.
3、 Modern science respects objective logical reasoning, and follows a set of core procedures or rules in order to determine the nature and underlying natural laws of the universe and everything in it.
4、 Based on research, which is commonly conducted in academic and research institutions as well as in government agencies and companies.
科学：
1、 来自拉丁语'scientia'的意思是“知识”
2、 获得知识的系统性工作: 通过观察和实验以及逻辑和推理来建立和组织知识以可测试的形式解释和预测这个宇宙.
3、 现代科学尊重客观逻辑推理，并遵循一系列核心程序或规则，以便确定宇宙及其所有事物的性质和潜在的自然规律。
4、 基于研究，通常在学术和研究机构以及政府机构和公司中进行
Branches of Science：
🌄 Formal science – The formal sciences provide languages that organize and characterize the systems, allowing us to communicate better with each other and with machines. Such formal languages make it easier to understand and work with complex information. Unlike other sciences, the formal sciences are not concerned with the validity of theories based on observations in the real world, but instead with the properties of formal systems based on definitions and rules. The formal sciences consist of computer science, mathematics, statistics, and systems science, the most important subjects are math and logic.
o Logic--the systematic study of valid rules of inference, i.e. the relations that lead to the acceptance of one proposition (the conclusion) on the basis of a set of other propositions (premises).
o Mathematics-- Search for fundamental truths in pattern, quantity, and change. The science of structure, order, and relation that has evolved from elemental practices of counting, measuring, and describing the shapes of objects. The study of the measurement, properties, and relationships of quantities and sets, using numbers and symbols。
o Computer Science-- Study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems.
o Information Theory-- Studies the quantification, storage, and communication of information.
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形式科学–---形式科学提供组织和表征系统的语言，使我们能够更好地相互交流和与机器交流。这样的形式语言使人们更容易理解和处理复杂的信息。与其他科学不同，形式科学不关心基于现实世界中观察结果的理论的有效性，而是关注基于定义和规则的形式系统的属性。形式科学包括计算机科学，数学，统计学和系统科学，最重要的学科是数学和逻辑。
o 逻辑----有效推论规则的系统研究，即基于一套其他命题（前提）导致接受一个命题（结论）的关系。
o 数学----探索有关模式，数量和变化的基本真相。是从对进行计数，测量和物体形状描述的基本实践发展而来的结构，顺序和关系的科学。 使用数字和符号研究测量、特性和数量与集合的关系。
o 计算机科学----研究信息和计算的理论基础及其在计算机系统中的实现和应用。
o 信息论----研究信息的量化，存储和交流。
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🌄Empirical science -- Supported by the evidence of the senses, or which is built up out of the elements of experience.
Ø Natural Science-- Tries to explain and predict nature’s phenomena, based on empirical evidence. In natural science, hypotheses must be verified scientifically to be regarded as scientific theory. Validity, accuracy, and social mechanisms ensuring quality control, such as peer review and repeatability of findings, are amongst the criteria and methods used for this purpose.
🎈 Physical Sciences-- Studies non-living systems, in contrast to life science.
o Physics--Studies matter, its motion and behaviour through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main goal is to understand how the universe behaves.
o Chemistry--The scientific discipline involved with elements and compounds composed of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behaviour and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other substances.
o Earth Science--all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth
o Space Science--encompasses all of the scientific disciplines that involve space exploration and study natural phenomena and physical bodies occurring in outer space, such as space medicine and astrobiology。
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🎈 Life Sciences-- Study of life and organisms – such as microorganisms, plants, and animals including human beings.
o Biology--The study of living organisms and their relationship to their environment.
o Medicine--The science and practice of establishing the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of disease.
o Embryology--Studies the prenatal development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and development of embryos and foetuses. Additionally, embryology encompasses the study of congenital disorders that occur before birth, known as teratology.
o Immunology-- Study of immune systems in all organisms. Immunology charts, measures, and contextualizes the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection); and the physical, chemical, and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo.
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· 经验科学 ---- 由感觉的证据来支持，或者由经验的要素来建立。
Ø 自然科学---基于经验证据，试图解释和预测自然现象。 在自然科学中，必须对假设进行科学验证，以将其视为科学理论。 为了确保质量的有效性，准确性和社会机制的控制，例如同行评审和可重复性的发现，是用于进行质量评估的标准和方法之一。
v 物理科学----与生命科学相比，研究非生命系统。
o 物理学---研究物质在空间和时间中的运动和行为，以及能量和力的相关实体。 物理学是最基础的科学学科之一，其主要目的是了解宇宙的行为。
o 化学----涉及由原子，分子和离子组成的元素和化合物的组成，结构，性质，行为以及它们在与其他物质反应期间经历变化的科学学科。
o 地球科学----包含所有与星球相关术语的科学。
o 太空科学----涵盖所有涉及太空探索的科学学科，并研究外太空中发生的自然现象和自然物体，例如太空医学和天体生物学。
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v 生命科学----研究生命和有机体，例如微生物，植物和动物，包括人类。
o 生物学----研究活生物体及其与环境的关系。
o 医学----建立疾病的诊断，预后，治疗和预防的科学和实践。
o 胚胎学----研究配子（性细胞）的产前发育，受精以及胚胎和胎儿的发育。 此外，胚胎学涵盖了对出生前发生的先天性疾病的研究，即畸胎学。
o 免疫学----研究所有生物体的免疫系统。 在健康和疾病状态下，免疫学图表，测量和结合免疫系统的生理功能。免疫系统疾病中免疫系统的功能失常（例如自身免疫性疾病，超敏反应，免疫缺陷和移植排斥）； 以及体外，原位和体内免疫系统各组成部分的物理，化学和生理特性。
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Ø Social science – devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies and concerned with society and human behaviours.
o History – Memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of information about past events. Historians place the past in context using historical sources such as written documents, oral accounts, ecological markers, and material objects including art and artefacts.
o Political science – The study of the state, government, and politics, deals with systems of governance, and the analysis of political activities, political thoughts, political behaviour and associated constitutions.
o Sociology – Studies society using various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to understand human social activity, from the micro level of individual agency and interaction to the macro level of systems and social structure.
o Psychology – science of behaviour and mental processes，the study of conscious and unconscious phenomena, as well as feeling and thought.
o Law – set of rules and principles by which a society is governed, through enforcement by governmental authorities.
o Economics – Studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. It aims to explain how economies work and how economic agents interact.
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Ø 社会科学 –-- 致力于研究社会以及社会中个人之间的关系并且关注于社会与人类行为
o 历史–-–-记忆，发现，收集，组织，表示和解释有关过去事件的信息。历史学家使用历史资源，诸如书面文件，口头陈述，生态标记以及包括艺术品和人工制品作为参考依据。
o 政治学–-–-对国家，政府和政治的研究，涉及政体，以及与政治活动，政治思想，政治行为和相关宪政的分析。
o 社会学–--使用各种实证研究和严谨的分析方法研究社会，以了解人类的社会活动，从个体代理和互动的微观层面到系统和社会结构的宏观层面。
o 心理学–-–-行为与心理过程的科学，研究有意识和无意识的现象，以及感觉和思想。
o 法律–-–-一套为管理社会由政府机构强制执行的规章制度。
o 经济学-––-对商品和服务的生产，分配和消费进行研究。旨在解释经济如何运作以及经济主体如何相互作用。
🌄 Interdisciplinary--Studies involves the combining of two or more academic disciplines into one activity (e.g., a research project). It draws knowledge from several other fields like sociology, anthropology, psychology, economics etc. It is about creating something by thinking across boundaries.
o Statistics--collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data.
o Systems theory--Study of systems in general, with the goal of elucidating principles that can be applied to all types of systems at all nesting levels in all fields of research.
o Education--The process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include teaching, training, storytelling, discussion and directed research.
o Neuroscience--Study of the nervous system. It combines physiology, anatomy, molecular biology, developmental biology, cytology, mathematical modelling, and psychology to understand the fundamental and emergent properties of neurons and neural circuits.
o Artificial Intelligence--Deals with intelligent behaviour, learning, and adaptation in machines.
o Complex System-- A system composed of many components which may interact with each other. Examples of complex systems are Earth's global climate, organisms, the human brain, infrastructure such as power grid, transportation or communication systems, social and economic organizations, an ecosystem, a living cell, and ultimately the entire universe.
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· 交叉学科----跨学科研究涉及将两个或两个以上学科合并为一项活动（例如一项研究项目）。 它从社会学，人类学，心理学，经济学等其他领域中汲取知识。它是通过跨界思考来创造事物。
o 统计----数据的收集，组织，分析，解释和表示。
o 系统理论---一般的系统研究，旨在阐明可应用于所有研究领域中所有嵌套级别的所有类型系统的原理。
o 教育----促进学习或获得知识，技能，价值观，信念和习惯的过程。 教育方法包括教学，培训，讲故事，讨论和定向研究。
o 神经科学----神经系统研究 它结合了生理学，解剖学，分子生物学，发育生物学，细胞学，数学建模和心理学，以了解神经元和神经回路的基本和紧急特性。
o 人工智能----用机器处理智能行为，学习和适应。
o 复杂系统---由许多可能相互交互的组件组成的系统。 复杂系统的示例包括地球的全球气候，生物体，人脑，基础设施如电网，运输或通讯系统，社会和经济组织，生态系统，活细胞，以及最终整个宇宙。
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🌄 Applied Science-- The application of existing scientific knowledge to practical applications, like technology or inventions.
Ø Engineering--The use of scientific principles to design and build machines, structures, and other items, including bridges, tunnels, roads, vehicles, and buildings.
o Operations Resarch--Deals with the application of advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions.
o Robotics--Research area at the interface of computer science and engineering. Robotics involves design, construction, operation, and use of robots. The goal of robotics is to design intelligent machines that can help and assist humans in their day-to-day lives and keep everyone safe.
o Genetic Engineering--The direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology. It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms.
o Mechanical Engineering-- Combines engineering physics and mathematics principles with materials science to design, analyze, manufacture, and maintain mechanical systems.
o Civil Engineering--Deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewerage systems, pipelines, structural components of buildings, and railways.
o Military Engineering--Loosely defined as the art, science, and practice of designing and building military works and maintaining lines of military transport and military communications. Military engineers are also responsible for logistics behind military tactics.
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应用科学----实际应用现有的科学知识，例如技术或发明。
Ø 工程----用科学原理设计和建造机器，结构和其他项目，包括桥梁，隧道，道路，车辆和建筑物。
o 运筹学----涉及使用高级分析方法帮助做出更好的决策。
o 机器人技术----计算机科学与工程学相接的研究领域。 机器人技术包括机器人的设计，构造，操作和使用。 机器人技术的目标是设计能够帮助和辅助人类日常生活并确保所有人安全的智能机器。
o 基因工程----使用生物技术直接操纵生物的基因。 这是一套用于改变细胞遗传基因的技术，包括在同一物种和跨物种的基因转移以产生改良或新生物。
o 机械工程----将工程物理和数学原理与材料科学相结合，用以机械系统的设计，分析，制造和维护。
o 土木工程----涉及物理和天然建筑环境的设计，建造和维护，包括公共工程如：道路，桥梁，运河，水坝，机场，污水处理系统，管道，建筑物的结构部件和铁路等。
o 军事工程----粗略地定义为设计和建造军事设施及设备，维护军事运输和军事通讯路线的艺术，科学和实务。 军事工程师还负责军事战术的后勤工作。
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Ø Health Sciences--Focus on health, or health care, as core parts of their subject matter.
o Dentisty--Consists of the study, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases, disorders, and conditions of the oral cavity, commonly in the dentition but also the oral mucosa, and of adjacent and related structures and tissues, particularly in the maxillofacial (jaw and facial) area.
o Epidemiology-- Study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where), patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations.
o Phamacy--The clinical health science that links medical science with chemistry and it is charged with the discovery, production, control, disposal, safe and effective use of medications and drugs.
o Nursing--Focused on the care of individuals, families, and communities so they may attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life.
o Veterinary Science--Deals with the prevention, control, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, disorder, and injury in animals. Along with this, it also deals with animal rearing, husbandry, breeding, research on nutrition and product development.
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Ø 健康科学----以健康或医疗保健为重点，是其主题的核心部分。
o 牙医学----包括研究，诊断，预防和治疗口腔疾病，病症和状况，一般处理牙列疾病，但也可包括口腔黏膜以及相邻相关结构和组织，特别是颌面部（下巴和面部）区域疾病。
o 流行病学----研究和分析特定人群中健康和疾病状况的分布（谁，何时，何地），模式和决定因素。
o 药学----将医学与化学联系起来的临床健康科学，负责发现，生产，控制，处置，安全有效地使用药剂和药物。
o 护理学----专注于个人，家庭和社区的护理，以使他们能够获得，维持或恢复最佳的健康和生活质量。
o 兽医科学----涉及预防，控制，诊断和治疗动物疾病，病症和伤害。 除此之外，它还涉及动物饲养，训养，育种，营养和产品开发方面的研究。
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Different scientific fields：
💎 Hard Science VS Soft Science:
Informal terms often used when comparing scientific fields of academic research or scholarship, with hard meaning perceived as being more scientific, rigorous, or accurate.
Hard sciences try to understand the phenomena in the real world. To do so, they must always consider different hypotheses that are conceivable a priori and choose among them by a careful evaluation of the observational data, artificially prepared experiments, and a sufficiently refined theoretical reasoning.
Soft sciences make people memorize a certain amount of material and insights that are not related with each other, and if they are, the relations are comprehensible to most ordinary people.
For example:
a. Hard Science: Physics, Chemistry, Biochemistry, ......
b. Medium Hard Science: Botany, Zoology, Economics, ......
c. Soft Science: Psychology, sociology, political Science, ......
Hard sciences and soft sciences evaluate the importance of principles and ideas very differently. Hard sciences respect a certain hierarchical structure of knowledge. It's because there are many logical relations between different insights. The soft sciences lack these sharp relationships in most cases which spoils the hierarchical nature of their tree of knowledge.
· 硬科学与软科学的对比:
非书面术语，经常使用在科学领域的学术研究或奖学金的比较，其硬含义被认为更加科学，严格或准确。
硬科学试图理解现实世界中的现象。 为此，他们必须考虑可以想到先验的不同假设，并通过仔细评估观测数据，人工准备实验和充分完善的理论推理中进行选择。
软科学使人们能够记住一定数量彼此不相关的材料和见解，和大多数普通人都可以理解的相互关联。
比如：
a. 硬科学：物理、化学、生物化学......
b. 中度硬科学： 植物学、动物学、经济学......
c. 软科学： 心理学、社会学、政治学......
硬科学和软科学对原理和思想的重要性的评价截然不同。 硬科学尊重知识的某种层次结构。 这是因为不同的见解之间存在许多逻辑关系。 软科学在大多数情况下缺乏这些尖锐的关系，从而破坏了其知识树的等级性质。
💎 Exact science VS Humanities
The exact sciences, sometimes called the exact mathematical science is capable of accurate quantitative expression or precise predictions and rigorous methods of testing hypotheses, especially reproducible experiments involving quantifiable predictions and measurements. For example: mathematics, optics, astronomy, and physics
The humanities study aspects of human society and culture. It use methods that are primarily rational criticism, speculative, analysis and have a significant historical element for discussing human emotion, morality and reason 。 Include the study of ancient and modern languages, literature, philosophy, history, archaeology, anthropology, human geography, law, politics, religion, and art.
· 精确科学 VS 人文学科
精确科学，有时也称为精确数学科学是能够进行精确的定量表达或精确的预测，并采用严格的检验假设的方法，特别是涉及可量化预测和测量的可再现实验。例如：数学、光学、天文学和物理。
人文学科研究人类社会和文化。主要以理性批判、观察、分析和重要的历史元素的方法探讨人类情感、道德和理智。包括对古代和现代语言，文学，哲学，历史，考古学，人类学，人文地理，法律，政治，宗教和艺术的研究。
💎 Fundamental Science (Basic Science) VS Applied Science (Translational Science)
Fundamental Science or basic science that describes the most basic objects, forces, relations between them and laws governing them, such that all other phenomena may be in principle derived from them following the logic of scientific reductionism.
Applied or translational science, use of scientific knowledge to solve problems or provide practical uses, such as designing an airplane, developing a vaccine, surgical techniques, or a treatment for a specific disease.
· 基础科学 VS 应用科学
基础科学，描述最基本的对象、力、它们之间的关系以及支配它们的定律，这样其他现象就可能用原理从遵循科学还原论的逻辑衍生而来。
应用科学，运用科学知识解决问题或提供实际用途，例如设计飞机，开发疫苗，外科技术或治疗特定疾病。
💎 Empirical Science VS Formal Science
Science can also be subdivided by methodology. Empirical science is based on observation and experimentation. Such as：natural sciences and social sciences. Formal science is based on theoretical symbols, rules, and logic. For example：Mathematics and Computer Science.
These two kinds of science are often intertwined. Formal science needs natural phenomena if it is to be tested or applied to reality. Empirical sciences need to use math, logic, and statistics to organize, compare, and formalize observational data and experimental results.
· 经验科学VS形式科学
科学也可以按方法论细分。 实证科学是基于观察和实验的， 比如：自然科学和社会科学。 形式科学基于理论符号，规则和逻辑，例如：数学和计算机科学。
这两种科学通常是相互交织的。 形式科学需要对自然现象进行检验或应用于现实。 经验科学需要使用数学，逻辑和统计学来组织，比较和形式化观测数据和实验结果。
💎 Natural Science VS Social Science
Science can be separated into disciplines by topic. There are two main categories, natural and social science.
The natural sciences are those disciplines that make statements about the world and the universe— physics, chemistry, biology, earth science, astronomy and so on.
Social sciences are related to human behaviour and societies. They include anthropology, psychology, sociology, political science, and economics, among others.
· 自然科学与社会科学
科学可以按主题分为学科。 有两个主要类别，自然科学和社会科学。
自然科学是那些陈述关于世界和宇宙的学科，即物理学、化学、生物学、地球科学、天文学等。
社会科学与人类行为和社会有关。 它们包括人类学，心理学，社会学，政治学和经济学等。
💎Pure Sciences VS Coordinated Science VS Combined Science
Pure science is the quest for basic information. It is the acquisition of knowledge without regard for usefulness but simply for the sake of knowing, such as Biology, Chemistry and Physics.
Combined Science is for those who are not strong in terms of the sciences and is recommended for those who are interested in the art.
If combined science is "single science" and pure science is "triple science", coordinated science can be termed as "double science".
Ranking these 3 types of sciences by their relative difficulty:
Pure Sciences > Coordinated Science > Combined Science.
· 组合科学 VS 协调科学 VS 纯科学
纯科学是对基本信息的探索。 对于知识的获取并不考虑实用性，而仅仅是出于了解的目的，例如生物学，化学和物理。
组合科学适合那些在科学方面不强的人，推荐给那些对艺术感兴趣的人。
如果说组合科学是“单一科学”，而纯科学是“三重科学”，则协调科学可以称为“双重科学”。
按相对难度对这三种科学进行排名：
纯科学>协作科学>组合科学。
What is science? What are the branches of science? What are the different fields of science? How was science developed? Why have hundreds of subjects been developed? What drives the development of science? Why is the center of modern science in the West? Why are Westerners so creative? What kind of environment can stimulate human creative thinking? What kind of education can guide human creative thinking? What kind of personality can inspire passion for innovation? Can traditional education burst out new ideas for children? New thought? New ability? New design？Can children have the courage and bravery to challenge the predecessors? Atomic models range from Thomson’s “skinless watermelon model” to Rutherford’s “planetary model”, to Bohr’s “Bohr model”, and then to the quantized “atomic theoretical model”. Every new model is proposed. Isn't it developed on the basis of overthrowing the mentor or predecessor? Isn't every model developed with error correction? If they just follow their orders from mentor, is there a quantum theory that changes our modern life? Without free thinking, independent personality, pragmatic work and innovative spirit, i is it possible to break through the constraints of thinking？Is it possible to break through the shackles of thinking？ Is it possible to break through the limitations of thinking? Is it possible to shine the brightness of wisdom? Is it possible to shine the glorious of reason? Is it possible to shine the brilliance of soul?
什么是科学？科学有哪些分支？科学有哪些不同的领域？科学是怎样发展的？为什么会发展出成百上千的学科？是什么推动了科学的发展？为什么现代科学的中心会在西方？为什么西方人的创造力那么强？是怎样的环境才能激发出人类的创新思维？是怎样的教育才能引导出人类的创意思考？是怎样的个性才能激发出创研热情？传统教育能迸发出孩子们的新点子？新思想？新能力？能让孩子们具有挑战前人的勇气与胆识吗？原子模型从汤姆森的“无皮西瓜模型”，到卢瑟福的“行星模型”，到玻尔的“玻尔模型”，再到量子化的“原子理论模型”，每一个新模型的提出不是在推翻导师或每一个前人的基础上发展起来的？每一个模型不都是在纠错的情况下发展起来的？如果他们也唯师命是从，可能有改变我们现代生活的量子理论吗？没有自由的思想、独立的人格、务实的工作和创新的精神，可能突破思维的束缚？可能冲破思想的桎梏？可能击破思考的局限？可能闪烁智慧的光芒？可能闪耀理性的光辉？可能闪亮灵魂的光彩？
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